v Preface

1-15 Conduction and carriers in liquids

16-33 Current decay and fluid convection in a conductivity cell J C Gibbings, G S Saluia and A M Mackey

34-43 The electrical conductivity within water droplet clouds S G Jennings

44-55 Charge-injection phenomena in colloid thruster propellants D J Lines, B Makin and A W Bright

56-73 Electrostatics in colloid science

74-83 Surface-potential decay in polyethylene

84-94 Electrification in an electric field as a test of the theory of contact charging F Nordhage and G Bdckstrbm

95-103 The influence of the crystallization process stimulated by ionizing radiation on dust electrification of photosensitive glass

104-114 Contact and tribo charging of polymer surfaces

115-121 Are adsorbed ions involved in the contact charging between metals and insulators?

122-129 Some spectroscopic and optical methods to characterize trap sites in polyethylene

130-140 Controlled charging of insulating surfaces

141-153 The effect of internal antistatic additives on the charge-transport properties of nylon fibres

154-172 Recent progress in electrostatic precipitation

173-181 The use of field-mfll instruments for charge density and voltage measurement P E Secker

182-187 An instrument to measure electric fields under adverse conditions

I E Pollard and J N Chubb

188-201 A study of the electrostatic powder-coating process by charge and current measurements

P H Ong, J van Turnhou t, J Booij and G H Douma

202-214 Adhesion of electrostatic powder coatings

215-220 Experimental studies of the attractive force acting on a metal in contact with ferroelectric material under an AC voltage of variable frequency

221-227 The self-limiting of electrostatic powder coatings

228-237 Electrostatic charging in the proximity of the corona wire glow

238-245 A device for controlling static charge levels on film

246-255 On the discharge of static electricity with induction eliminators

256-263 Mathematical simulation of electrostatic hazards

264-275 Explosion hazards and diagnostic techniques associated with powder handling in large silos

276-289 Safe charge densities for road and rail tank car filling

290-300 Explosion of hydrocarbons by partial discharges

301-310 Generation of static electricity by carbon dioxide in inerting and fire extinguishing systems

311 Author Index

Proceedings ‘Electrostatics 1979’

v Preface

Session 1: Industrial electrostatics

1-8 The scientific basis of electrophotography P K Watson

9-16 Lateral propagation of back-discharge in a tri-clectrode system S Masuda, S Obata and Y Ogura

17-25 Discharges in electrostatically deposited films

27-36 An analytical representation of web-roller electrification

37-44 Electrical charging and discharging between films and metal rollers

45-53 Electrostatic benef'lcation of ores on the moon surface

55-65 Charging of jet fuel on polyurethane foam

67-72 The energy of electrostatic discharges

73-83 The nature and incendiary behaviour of spark discharges from the body

85-95 Instrumentation and techniques for monitoring and assessing electrostatic ignition hazards

97-105 The detection and characterisation of electrostatic sparks by radio methods G JButterworth

107-114 Charges on powders and bulking effects

115-123 Static eliminator for difficult industrial applications

125-133 Method of assessment of the antistatic protection of aircraft

135-144 Ignition by electric sparks

145-160 Interaction of electrostatics and fluid motion

161-169 Electrostatic ignition hazards associated with the preventative release of flre extinguishing fluids

G J Butterworth

171-180 The design and performance of novel on-line electrostatic charge-density monitors, injectors and neutralisers for use in fuel systems

181-190 Bubbles, partial discharges and liquid breakdown

191-199 Electrostatically assisted heat transfer

201-213 The role of modern surface analysis techniques in understanding electrification phenomena

215-224 On the correlation between decay of charge and resistance parameters of sheet materials

225-232 Charge effects at aluminium electrodes on insulating films

233-237 The effect of contact time on the electrification of polymers by metals

239-247 Injection times for charging polymer sufaces

249 -256 Contact electrification of ideal insulators: experiments on solid rare gases

257-264 Contribution of molecular motion of polymers to frictional electrification

265-272 The contact potential and charge exchange at a mercury-polymer interface

273-286 Field studies of the electrification of thunderstorms

287-293 Monitoring systems for electrostatic powder coating plant

295-303 The measurement of resistivity under conditions of ionic bombardment

305-308 Laboratory measurement of charge separation associated with secondary ice crystal production

C P R Saunders and J Hallett

309-315 Static electrification of the atmosphere by the electrolytic process

317-324 Positive streamer velocities in quasi-uniform electric fields

A S Sadik and J A Bicknell

325-335 Measurement and localisation of electrostatic charges neutralised during a lightning stroke

J L Boulay, P Hubert, P Laroche, P Metzger and P Waldteufel

337-349 Non-woven electret fibre: a new filtering medium of high efficiency

351 Author Index

Proceedings of ‘Electrostatics 1983’

v Preface

1-11 Electrostatic hazards - a review of modern trends N Gibson

13-19 Prevention of electrostatic hazards associated with shipboard inert gas operations

J S Mills and EJ Haighton

21-27 The ignition of natural gas by spark discharges from the body

29-38 Current research in applied electrostatics in Japan K Asano

39-44 The resolution times of water-in-oil emulsions subjected to external electric

fields

45-52 Charge generation in low dielectric constant liquids

53-58 An investigation of torque transmission using electrically stressed dielectric fILlids

59-64 Ionic space charges generated by evaporating charged liquid spray

65-70 The role of electrostatic and hydrodynamic forces in the electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics

71-79 Electrohydrodynamic generator, a study of short-circuit current in relation to the length between the injector and the collector and to the liquid temperature

81-91 Some basic gas and surface discharge phenomena in electrostatics

93-98 Travelling wave coronas as ion source

99-104 Corona charging of immobilized spherical particles

Session IV: Measurements

105-110 The effect of electrode characteristics on the measurement of the minimum ignition energy of dust clouds

111-116 High-resolution probing of surface-charge distributions on corona- and friction- charged teflon FEP foils

117-122 A new conductivity gauge for antistatic films

123-128 Current voltace characteristic of a cylindrical electrostatic precipitator

Session V: Solids

129-140 Bill Bright Memorial Lecture - Models for conduction in molecular solids

141-144 The role of nonresonant tunnelling in contact electrification

145-149 Intermittent contact electrification of polymers: simulated and experimental

results of polystyrene

Session VI: Industrial electrostatics

151-154 Experimental techniques to establish the relationship between dust size and

charge within an electrostatic precipitator

155-160 Corona charging of insulating particles

161-166 Pulsed radio frequency resonance operation of electrostatic precipitators

167-172 Implications of ion-wind and back-ionisation on precipitator performance

173-178 Corrosion of electrodes subjected to corona discharges in room air and its

influence on discharge parameters

179-184 The thunderball - an electrostatic phenomenon

185-189 A study of the incendivity of electrical discharges between planar resistive

electrodes

191-196 Recent advances in electric field emission deposition sprayers

197-202 Similarity between electrical conduction characteristics in compressed air and in some liquids and solids

203-208 A numerical model for electrostatic spraying

209-214 Charge relaxation in pipes

215-220 Flow pattern maps for horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow under a Dc electric field

221-224 Solution contact charging

Poster Session II

225-230 Charge accumulation in repeated contacts: the role of conduction

231-235 Space charge relaxation at permanent gold/polystyrene interfaces

237-242 Adhesion of charged particles

243-248 The efficient calculation of electrostatic fields in large systems

249-254 Simulation of particle movements in powder coating processes

261 Author Index

Proceedings of ‘Electrostatics 1987’

v Preface

1-12 Electrostatic hazards in powder silos

13 Discussion

15-20 Applications of electrostatics in Japan

21-26 Transient characteristics of charged spray deposition occurring under action of induced target coronas: space-charge polarity effect

27-32 Space charges and evaporation effects in electrostatic aerial spraying I I Inculet

33-38 Electrostatic powder spraying by means of electrokinetic charging

39-44 Orientation of ceramic fibres in liquid for fabrication of fibre reinforced metals

45-50 Ink jet electrostatic drop deflection printing

51-55 Development control in electrostatic lithography

57-62 Absolute measurement of toner charge to mass ratio under simulated copying machine conditions

63-68 Role of particle size in polymer tribocharging

69-74 Novel methods of cell fusion and handling using fluid integrating circuit

75-79 An optical technique for measurement of cell dielectrophoresis

81-86 Administration of drugs using nebulisers: effect of electrostatic charge on aerosols

87-89 Discussion on section 1

91-96 A new solution for the static charge eliminators

97-102 Static electrification by dusty gas flowing through polyethylene pipes

103-108 Single phase heat transfer augmentation in dielectric liquids using DC electric fields

109-113 Simulation of behaviour of charged particle clouds

115-120 Determination by conductive sheet technique of two-dimensional space charge fields with application to electrostatic precipitators

121-126 The charge limit of liquid droplets due to electron avalanches and surface

disruption

127-132 Electromechanics of Co-fiow type electrofluidized bed under bipolar ion

injections

133-138 Behaviour of electric discharge on standing sound waves

139-144 The design of electrodes with prescribed field distributions for use in

electrostatic precipitators

145-148 Observation of the mechanism of liquid atomisation in electrostatic fields

149-154 Experimental verification of a mathematical model of an electrostatic

precipitator

155-164 An overview of the ESD problem

0 J McAteer

165-169 Solar panel charging

D K Davies

171-176 A laminar flux hood neutralizer with a reduced residual voltage

J Taillet, S Larigaldie, P Cassette and M Pourprix

177-181 A versatile charge decay meter for assessing antistatic materials

D M Taylor and J Elias

183-186 Antistatic mechanism of internally modified synthetics and quality

requirements for clothing textiles

W Lobel

187-192 Contact electrification and conduction in polymers

B Bouattou and J Lowell

193-196 Surface potential decay on epoxy resin

P Jestin, R Coelho and M Goldman

197-202 New possible measurements for the prevention of electrostatic discharges

D Morisseau and J Lewiner

203-205 Discussion on section 2

207-216 Discharges and hazards associated with the handling of powders MGlor

217-222 Hazards associated with propagating brush discharges on flexible intermediate bulk containers, compounds and coated materials B Maurer, M Glor, G Liittgens and L Post

223-228 Electroquasistatics of charged powders

229-234 Hazards from electrostatics in the manufacture of infra-red decoy flares G L Hearn and S Singh

235-240 Indoor static electricity and the precipitation of airborne particles W C Wedberg

241-242 Discussion on section 3

243-248 On streamer discharges in ceramic-based ozoniser using high frequency surface discharge

249-254 Removal of NOX by corona discharge induced by sharp rising nanosecond

pulse voltage

255-260 Electrodynamical behaviour of charged particles in electric field matrix and

its applications in the field of powder classification

261-266 The calibration of electrostatic fieldmeters and the interpretation of their

observations

267-272 Low voltage, AC feedback electrostatic voltmeter

B T Williams and J T Conway

273-278 An in-flight particle charge detector

T J Williams, TH Wilmshurst and A G Bailey

279-284 Testing of antistatic floor covers

285-290 Static electricity and measurement of the parameters of a flow in pneumatic conveyances

291-296 Evolution of the internal electric field in polyethylene under electric stress

297-302 The gravure development of electrostatic images in electrophotography

303-306 An electrostatic method for the measurement of powder flow rates in pipes

307-311 Electrostatic measurement techniques

313-318 Adhesion and charge exchange of a bouncing charged particle

319-323 Powder coating diagnostic instrument

325-330 Electrical conduction on irradiated and moist polymer surfaces

331-335 A method for measurements of the electrode effect and space charge density at ground level

337-342 Quadrupole mass spectrometer measurements of electrostatic sprays

343-347 Simulation of the electrohydrodynamic functioning of an electrostatic precipitator

349-354 Numerical simulation of the dielectric gas electrohydrodynamics in annulus

355-360 A new approach to electric charge measurements

361-362 Discussion on section 4

363-364 Author index

Proceedings of ‘Electrostatics 1991’

xi Preface

1-12 The evolving field of electrostatics

13-26 Biological electrostatics: dielectrophoresis and electrorotation

27-32 The electrokinetic properties of biopolymer gels

33-38 Enhancement of spray electrodeposition by active precharging of a dielectric boundary

39-44 Dielectrophoretic levitation of particle chains

45-50 Electrostatic enhancement of particle deposition in the lung when using jet and ultrasonic nebulisers

51-56 The importance of electrostatic charge on the deposition of fibrous particles in human and rat lungs

57-62 Deposition of electrically charged drug aerosols in lungs

63-70 Investigation procedures applied to major electrostatic accidents in complex systems

71-76 Low energy spark ignition measurement techniques

77-83 Influence of powder streaming current on surface potential of bulked high density polyethylene

85-89 A new method of assessing streaming charge in liquids

91-99 Electrostatic hazards associated with the use of flexible intermediate bulk containers in flammable atmospheres

V Ebadat and P Cartwright

101-106 Electrical discharges from the human body

107-117 Electrostatic sensitivity testing of explosives at Los Alamos

119-128 Electrostatic micromotors

P J Houzego

135-140 Powder flow-rate measurements by means of a pulse charge injection technique

141-146 Induction charge limits of small water droplets

147-1 The pulsed charging of macroscopic drops

153-158 Instrumentation for on-line measurement of the charge dissipation capabilities of web and coated film materials

159-164 An electrostatic flow meter for measuring the two-phase flow parameters in pneumatic transport - results of preliminary tests

165-168 The use of an electric silencer for the extraction of dust particles from diesel exhaust

169-176 A novel instrument to monitor and size classify airborne fibres in the respirable size range

177-184 Design and operation of a multi-electrode quadrupole levitation system - theoretical and experimental aspects

ix

185-190 Conductivity and coalescence of water-in-crude oil emulsions under high electric fields

191-196 Static control of charge decay in industry - hazard and risk

197-204 Electrorheology

205-210 Measurement of the dynamics of multiple contact electrification of polymers by metals

1 1-216 Charge generation in thunderstorms

217-222 Trlbo-electrification of commercial plastics in air

223-228 Electrostatic adhesion of non-uniformly charged dielectric spheres

229-234 Discharge phenomena in contact electrification

235-240 The effect of varying the electrical resistivity of powder compacts on their voltage decay properties

241-246 Observations on electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) of liquid metals

247-252 Properties of pol,,arylane foil clectrets

253-262 Computer modelling of electrostatic fields

263-268 Arrays of charged cylinders

269-274 A distributed RC transmission line model for electrostatic discharges from insulator surfaces

275-280 Charge distributions on aerosols

281-286 Investigation of the characteristics of a non-conductive liquid spraying process using a finite element method to map liquid profiles

287-292 Computer aided design optimization of nozzle extractor geometry in a liquid metal atomizer

293-298 Numerical modelling for potential relaxation of charged oil inside containers

299-304 On the decay of fields and currents in atmospheric electric discharges

305-310 Theory of dust particle unipolar diffusion charging under non-thermal

equilibrium conditions

311-316 Interchange instability governing the cusp formation on slit-emission accelerators in electric propulsion

317-322 Electrohydrodynamic stability of two dielectric liquid layers at unipolar injection

323-335 Discussion

Proceedings of ‘Electrostatics 1995’

Foreword

W Balachandran (Conference Chairman) XI

1 Electrostatics technology for agricultural and biological applications: Status and

trends

S E Law (invited) 1

Session 1: Industrial Applications

Chairpersons: N Wilson and M Glor

13 The electrostatic destabilization of water-ln-oll emulsions in turbulent flow

T J Williams, A G Bailey and M T Thew 13

17 Electrification of a spacer due to microdischarge from an elongated particle and

the behaviour of such particles

K Asano, K Ido, K Yatsuzuka and Y Higashiyama 17

21 Measurement of the single particle electrical clamping force

P A Arteaga, C M Martin, M Ghadiri, U Tiiziin and B Formisani 21

25 Static airdrop tests on a full size electrostatically charged parachute canopy

M N Horenstein, G Vincens and N Roberts 25

31 Paschen's law effects on charged powder

I D Pavey, S A Simon and J J Kerr 31

35 Static charge eliminiation on a low density polyethylene plant

J Taillet and R Verheyden 35

39 Discussion 39

Session 2: Electrohydrodynamics (EHD)

41 Electrohydrodynamics: An interdisciplinary subject come of age

A T Richardson

47 Electrohydrodynamic induction of isolated drops in a jet

P Atten, D Fressard, B Barbet and C Bardeau

51 Effect of electric fields on falling viscous fluids

A Gonzdlez and A Castellanos

55 Study of charged conducting liquid film break-up process using image analysis

W Balachandran, Z Huneiti, W Machowski and D Hu

61 The role of the viscosity in the EHD sprayinc, of liquids in cone-jet mode

A M Ganan-Calvo

69 Influence of charge diffusion on the induced electrohvdrodynamic field inside

electrostatic precipitators

J Zamany

75 Discussion

Session 3: Measurements and Materials

Chairpersons: S Cunningham and J Chubb

81 Standards in electrostatics-a stimulus for new technologies

D K Davies

85 Toner adhesion: the effect of nelchbouring particles

E A Eklund, W H Wayman, L J Brillson and D A Hays

93 Double-sided charge measurement on a dielectric slab by method of an electrostatic

voltmeter with adjustable ground-backing

T S Lee and B K Fung

99 The use of electrets in dust sampling and particle charge analysis

M A Hemingway, R C Brown, A Thorpe, J Thompson and D Wake

103 Dependence of charge decay characteristics on charging parameters

J N Chubb

109 Contact charging dynamics and surface charge behaviour at sub-micron spatial

resolution using scanning force microscope

S Cunningham and J M R Weaver

113 Novel inherently conducting polymer based materials for electrostatic dissipation

P Kathirgamanathan, S Ravichandran, P Adams, D Shah, K Quill and

A E Underhill

121 Ignition tests during filling of different types of flexible intermediate bulk

containers (FIBCs) with polymers

M Glor, B Maurer and R Rogers

125 Ignition tests with brush discharges and dusts

K Schwenzfeuer and M Glor

129 Discussion

Session 4: Biological and ESD Applications

Chairpersons: J Taillet and P Castle

135 Electrical forces and torques on bioparticles

T B Jones

145 Dielectrophoretic manipulation of micro-organisms in micro-electrode arrays

G H Markx, X-F Zhou and R Pethig

149 On electrostatic discharge (ESD) and the human body walking in the work

environment

W D Greason

155 Parameters influencing the measurement of installed ESD control equipment

R Gaertner and H Schmeer

159 Particle cluster configuration under electric fields

M Sancho, V Giner, G Martfnez and M Llamas

163 Discussion

Session 5: Modelling

Chairperson: D M Taylor

165 Numerical modelling of electrostatic and electrokinetic phenomena: a critical

overview

P Alotto, I Gallimberti, G Molinari and M Repetto

177 Linear stability analysis of hieh flow velocity Jets stressed by electric fields

G Artana, H Romat and G Touchard

183 Removal of volatile organic compounds by an electrical discharae/activated carbon

filter hybrid system

J S Chang, K Urashima, T Ito and T Misaka

187 Effect of interfacial electric field on charge transfer between two insulators

H AbdelGalil, G S P Castle and L B Schein

191 Discussion

Session 6: Analytical Techniques

Chairpersons: D K Davies and P Atten

193 Electrohydrodynamic theory of liquid-metal ion sources

R G Forbes and W Liu

201 The results with the tribo-charging-equipment in correlation with new types of

tribo guns

K W Kleber and A Lang

205 Electrostatic atomisation of insulating oils and the associated charge injection

mechanism

D Hu, W Balachandran, J Schrimpton, A J Yule and P Watkins

211 A study of pulse charge injection within a powder flow instrumentation system

R A Shaw, B C O'Neill and S Clark

215 Studies of localised electrification and subsequent decay of surface potential in

thin insulating films using scanning probe potentiometry

S Cunningham and J M R Weaver

219 Discussion

Session 7: Atmospheric Studies

Chairperson: G Harrison

223 A portable plcoammeter for atmospheric electrical use

R G Harrison

227 UV radiation from a corona discharge and some associated reactions

T H Teich and M Jacob

235 Variation of return stroke velocity over the first few hundred metres and its

relationship to the slow front in return stroke radiation fields

V Cooray

219 Discussion

Poster Session

243 A technique to prevent the propagation of liquid refuse using electro-osmosis

T Yamamoto, N HaN@ashi, S Watanabe, A Ohashi, D Dy,kes and G Touchard

247 Influence of space charge on induction charging of water droplets ejected from an

airless nozzle

Y Higashiyama, S Tanaka and K Asano

251 Development of an efficient iterative FEM for solving the ion drift problem with

a fixed-field charge-Injection law

K S Bromley, J A Houlgreave and J C Fothergill

257 Excitation and radial propagation of surface waves on a passive corona-precharged

oil film atop a cround-backed dielectric layer

T S Lee and T Phan

263 Determination of the production rate, size and charge of electrostatically atomized

aerosol droplets

A H Hashish, A G Bailey and I G Harpur

267 Modelling of flow electrification processes in power transformers

G Touchard, 0 Moreau, H Romat, P 0 Grimaud and S Watanabe

271 Electrostatic charge interactions in pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols

J Peart, J N Staniforth and B J Meakin

275 Unlpolar particle charging in an alternating electric field

K Adamiak, A Krupa and A Jaworek

279 On the interfacial EHD'instability of two superposed liquids

D Koulova-Nenova, P Atten and B Malraison

283 Studies of a liquid metal atomizer producing thin coatings and membranes

P G Arnold and W Balachandran

289 Corona discharge in multlpoint-to-plane geometry

A Jaworek and A Krupa

293 Ralaxation charge development in plastic pipes

G Touchard, M Zahn and A P Washabaugh

297 Electrostatic mono dispersion of insulating and viscous liquid in distilled water

M Sato

301 Effect of interfacial electrical stresses on the stability of viscous liquid jets

F J Garcia and A Castellanos

305 Ungrounded static protective FIBC's

V Ebadat, J C Mulligan and R J Pappas

311 The relation between the measuring rina probe potential and the electric charge of

a flux of solid particles in a pipe of pneumatic transport

J B Gajewski

315 Observation and computer modelling of particle trajectories in a seven-electrode

electrostatic levitation system

D R G Rodley, S J Belmont, B Makin and K Dastoori

319 A null method for electric field measurement

R G Harrison

323 Flow electrification in power transformers

H Romat, G Touchard, P 0 Grimaud and 0 Moreau

329 Evaluation of surface resistivity measurements on ESD protective static dissipative

materials

P Malinverni and G Reina

335 Fix, cut and successive recovery of fragments of single DNA molecule for high

speed sequencing

M Nishioka, T Tanizoe, A Fujita, S Katsura and A Mizuno

339 Variational calculation and measurement of the capacitance of agglomerates of

spheres

R C Brown and M A Hemingway

343 Piezoelectricity in polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) polymer doped with transition

metal halides

W Balachandran, A Tawansi, S H El-konialy,, H Abdelkader and S Elhefnavwy

349 A microcomputer system for recording of electrostatic discharges

L Ptasitiski and T Zeglen

353 Monitoring of ESD in silos

A Gajewski, L Ptasitiski and T Zeglen

357 Numerical modelling of electrodynamic conditions influenced by particle space

charce and resistivity in electrostatic preclpltators of complex ceometry for

industrial applications

J Zamany

363 A model for positive return strokes

V Cooray

373 Bulking of charged pellets of polymeric material

W L Cheung and A G Bailey

377 Electrostatic effects in powder mixtures

A V Remesal and R M Ferro

381 Electrorotation assay for cryptosporidium and giardia from raw water supplies

J P H Burt, R Pethig, A Parton and D Dawson

385 Trlboelectric separation of coal from mineral impurities

M K Mazumder, K B Tennal and D Lindquist

393 Particle size and charge distribution of trlboelectrically charged powder coatings

H Stdtzel, B Makin, K Dastoori, H Bauch and H J Schmidt

397 Conference summary

G S P Castle

399 Author index